004 Jet Oxidation


Research & Development in Applied Sciences


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Last Updated: 3/11/2010

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Oxidation and Disinfection Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation

Dynaflow, Inc.® is continuing development of a novel energy efficient cost effective technology for oxidation of contaminants in water and for removal of micro-organisms. These oxidation and disinfection R&D efforts have been funded in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEHS), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). The DynaJets® technology has been found to achieve high efficiency oxidation of a wide variety of compounds and to achieve multiple order reductions in microorganisms. The technology is covered by two patents.
 
STRATOJET®

Underlying Mechanism of Operation

Cavitation bubble collapse in a liquid can generate extremely high local pressures and temperatures causing water to dissociate and form free radicals including hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals, which are very strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Hydroxyl radicals can oxidize many inorganic and organic chemicals in water. Organic compounds can be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and other inorganic species. Pyrolysis and supercritical water formation have also been shown to occur. This phenomenon is employed in the field of sonochemistry to accelerate a variety of chemical reactions. It is also tied to sonoluminesence – the emission of light during bubble collapse.

The novel DynaJets® oxidation technology employs hydrodynamic cavitation generated by specially designed submerged cavitating liquid jets to trigger widespread cavitation and bubble growth and collapse leading to oxidation in the bulk liquid. In head to head comparison experiments, DynaJets® have been found to achieve oxidation with energy efficiencies up to two orders of magnitude larger than those obtained with ultrasonic means.

Advantages of DynaJets®

This novel technology requires no hazardous chemicals and no special handling. It adapts our proven and patented jet technology (developed to produce highly erosive water jet cutting, drilling, and cleaning) to efficiently generate large quantities of intense cavitation and oxidation while operating at modest pressures. This results in a robust high efficiency system that can be readily scaled to a wide range of capacities. It has been found to achieve energy efficiencies up to two orders of magnitude larger than those obtained with ultrasonic means.

 
DYNASWIRL®

Oxidation Applications

The DynaJets® oxidation technology has been found capable of oxidizing a variety of substances and mixtures of substances including the following:

Substances Oxidized with the DYNAJETS® under Controlled Conditions
p-Nitrophenol (PNP)    Acetone      Bioreactor effluent   1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane  1,1-Dichloroethylene   1,2-Dichlorothylene 
Tetrachloroethylene  Methyl Orange   Isopropyl Alcohol   Simulated hygiene waste  
Arsenic  2,4 -D    Malathion  Chlorhexidine
Alachlor  Carbaryl Algae Mixtures of above
Comparison of oxdation performance between DynaJets®
Concentration changes for a pesicide, 2, 4-D with DynaJets®
Transformation of Arsenic subjected to DynaJets® cavitation

Disinfection

A number of mechanisms may contribute to the removal of microorganisms by the DynaJets® technology including the generation of shock waves, shear and locally high temperatures and pressures produced by bubble collapse, as well as oxidation by the free radicals that are produced. The DynaJets® technology has been shown to effectively disinfect Escheria coli , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas , Bacillus subtilis , Total Coliforms, and hetertrophic bacteria. In laboratory experiments, the DynaJets® have achieved a six (6) orders of magnitude reduction in viable cell counts of E. coli (initial concentration 1 x 10 7 colony forming units/ml) while operating at modest pressures. Inactivation of B. subtilis spores has also been demonstrated. Efficient disinfection of bacteria has been demonstrated in municipal wastewater and aquaculture wastewater.
 

Number of e-Coli colony forming unit vs time when the contaminated water runs throuhg DynaJets®

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

  1. See Write-up from Filtration & Separation
  2. DFI Patents - Includes Jets' Patent
  3. ASME International 1999 Lewis F. Moody Award
  4. SBIR Award: NSF Phase I Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water with Cavitation Jets
  5. SBIR Award: NASA Phase I Advanced Life Support System Water Reclamation Using DynaJet Cavitating Jets
  6. SBIR Award: EPA Phase I Development of a Cavitating Jet System for Removal of Pesticides and Other Pollutants From Wastewater Discharge
  7. SBIR Award: EPA Phase I Development of a DYNAJET Cavitation System for High-Rate Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow
  8. SBIR Award: NIEH Phase I Development of Cavitating Liquid Jets for Oxidation Remediation of Contaminated Aquifers
  9. SBIR Award: NSF Phase II Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water with Cavitating Jets
  10. SBIR Award: EPA Phase II Development of a DYNAJET Cavitation System for High-Rate Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow

Journal Publications and Conference Proceedings

  1. Kalumuck, K., Chahine, G., Hsiao, C-T., Choi, J-K., “Remediation and Disinfection of Water Using Jet Generated Cavitation,” 5 th International Symposium on Cavitation - CAV2003 , Osak a , Japan , November 2003 . Paper available at the CAV2003 proceedings web site
  2. Moller, G., Kalumuck, K., Chahine, G., “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Processes in Ultrasonic and Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Application to Treatment of Aqueous Biocides, Pesticides, and Herbicides,” American Chemical Society National Meeting , Boston , MA , August 2002.
  3. Kalumuck, K., Chahine, G., “The Use of Cavitating Jets to Oxidize Organic Compounds in Water,” 4th International Symposium on Cavitation, CAV2001, Pasadena , CA , June 2001.
  4. Kalumuck, K., and Chahine, G., “The Use of Cavitating Jets to Oxidize Organic Compounds in Water,” ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering , vol. 122, pp 465-470, September 2000. (Also in Proceedings, ASME Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting , Washington D.C., ASME FEDSM98-4813, June 1998.)

Technical Reports

  1. Loraine, G., Chahine, G., Hsaio, C.-T., Choi, J.-K., Jain, A., Aley, P., Fredrick, G. “Cavitating Jets for Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment and Recycling”, Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2M5016-NOAA-01, January, 2006.
  2. Chahine, G., Hsaio, C.-T., Choi, J.-K., Loraine, G., Fredrick, G., Aley, P., “Reduction of Chemical And Biological Contaminants Using the D yna J ets ® Cavitating Jets: Post- or Pre-Treatment Systems for Desalination”, Office of Naval Research, 2M3038-1-ONR, October 2005.
  3. Chahine, G., Hsiao, C.-T., Choi, .J-K., Kalumuck, K., Loraine, G., Aley, P., Frederick, G., “Development of a D yna J ets ® Cavitation System for High Rate Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflows”, Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2M3032-1-EPA, May 2005.
  4. Chahine, G., Kalumuck, K., Hsiao, C.-T., Choi, J.-K., Loraine, G., Aley, P. Frederick, G., “Water Reclamation using the D yna J ets ® Cavitating Jets for the Advanced Life Support System”, Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report 2M2001-1-NASA, March 2005.
  5. Kalumuck, K., Chahine, G., Choi, .J-K., Hsiao, C.-T., Aley, P., Frederick, G., “Development of Cavitating Liquid Jets for Oxidation Remediation of Contaminated Aquifers”, Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report, National Institute of Environmental Health, 2M2022-NIEHS-1, December 2003.
  6. Kalumuck, K. M., Chahine, G. L., Choi, J.-K., Hsiao, C.-T., Aley, P. D. & Frederick, G. S., “Development of a DynaJet Cavitation System for High Rate Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflows,” Dynaflow , Inc. Phase I Technical Report 2M2020-1epa, August 2003.
  7. Kalumuck, K. M., Chahine, G. L., Choi, J.-K., Hsiao, C.-T., Aley, P. D. & Frederick, G. S., “Removal of Pesticides and Other Pollutants from Wastewater Discharge Using the DynaJet Ò Cavitating Jet System,” Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report 2M2008-1EPA, September 2002 .
  8. Kalumuck, K., Chahine, G., Aley, P. Frederick , G., “ Advanced Life Support System Water Reclamation Using Cavitating Jets – Phase I” , Dynaflow, Inc . Tech. Rpt. 2M1004-NASA-1, 2001.
  9. Kalumuck, K. M., Chahine, G. L., Gumerov, N., Aley, P. D. & Frederick, G. S., “Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water with Cavitating Jets, Phase II Final Report”, Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report 98010nsf , November 2000 (NSF Phase II SBIR).
  10. Kalumuck, K. M., Chahine, G. L., Frederick, G. S., Aley, P. D., Brittain, W. L. & Gumerov, N. A., “Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water with Cavitating Jets,” Dynaflow, Inc. Technical Report 97002-1nsf, July 1997 (NSF Phase I SBIR).